An image of the influenza A(H1N1), or Mexican swine flu, virus
An intergovernmental meeting of the World Health Organisation (WHO), has failed to reach an agreement on sharing influenza virus research material and access to vaccines, with the US placing profits ahead of the threat of wide-scale, world-wide deaths from the current influenza A(H1N1), or Mexican swine flu, pandemic.
The impasse occurred despite a warning by Dr Thirawat Hemachudha, director of the World Health Organisation’s Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, that a second wave of the A(H1N1) influenza virus, or Mexican swine flu as it was originally termed, could occur as early as July.
In the past week the number of people infected by the influenza A(H1N1) virus has risen sharply, with the United States recording the highest number of cases, followed by Mexico where the pandemic began.
On Saturday the WHO reported an additional seven deaths, raising the number of people killed by the influenza A(H1N1) virus to 72, with 1,000 new confirmed cases reported in the previous 24 hours.
India, Turkey, Japan, Ecuador, Peru, Belgium, Cuba, Finland and Thailand have all confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1) in the last week.
According to Dr Thirawat, “the current situation is like a warning sign, reminding us that the big wave is coming. According to scientific records, the second wave should happen between two months to two years [after the initial outbreak].”
As the number of people infected by the influenza A(H1N1) virus hit almost 8,500 cases in 38 countries, the two-day WHO meeting concluded with poorer countries dissatisfied with the stance of the US.
Indonesia, one of the countries hit in the outbreak, wanted vaccines produced by industrialised countries shared with developing nations which do not have the means to produce enough doses in case of a global pandemic.
Poor countries argued they should have access to the resulting vaccines, especially if the samples used to develop them came from the developing world. However, US delegates balked at this, insisting pharmaceutical companies should be able to claim the vaccines as intellectual property and earn royalties on them.
A map showing the spread of the influenza A(H1N1) or Mexican swine flue, virus since April 18, 2009. Image courtesy HealthMap (http://healthmap.org/en)
Coinciding with this, Japan confirmed 13 students at a high school in the western city of Kobe had tested positive for influenza A(H1N1), bringing the total number of confirmed cases there to 25.
In nearby Osaka city there are nine suspected cases from one high school, with about 100 additional students in the same school reporting symptoms such as fever.
The continued spread of influenza A(H1N1), for which no effective treatment is currently available, prompted former WHO senior official Shigeru Omi, who heads the Japanese government’s special swine flu task force to warn, “we believe that the infection is beginning to spread in the region.”
Though the WHO meeting had been planned for some time, it took on new urgency with the current outbreak.
Mexican swine flu, or influenza A(H1N1) as it was renamed, leapt into the spotlight on April 24, when the WHO announced around 800 suspected cases had been recorded in Mexico, along with seven cases in the US.
Five days later the WHO raised its alert level to five, calling on countries to prepare for an “imminent” pandemic.
Imam Samudra, left, and Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, front (Photo courtesy AP)
The execution of the islamist fundamentalists responsible for the 2002 Bali bombings that killed more than 200 people could face further delays.
The possibility of the sentences against Amrozi bin Nurhasyim, Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron being delayed further was flagged by an expert on Indonesian law from the University of Indonesia on Thursday.
Churdy Sitompul said Chapter 7 of the 2002 law on presidential pardons stipulated that there was no time limit in which a convict must submit a request for a presidential pardon.
The comments from Sitompul followed a statement by Indonesian Attorney General Hendarman Supandji that the Government would wait another month for the convicted bombers to apply for a pardon before scheduling their executions.
“I will give them another month to decide whether they will file the request or not. If it turns out that they refuse to exercise the right then we will execute them as soon as possible,” Supandi was reported in The Jakarta Post as saying.
However Situmpul said the way the law currently stands it can easily be manipulated and further delays to the death sentences being carried out could occur.
Once a request for a presidential pardon is filed a prisoner can not be executed until the request is processed he said.
Sitompul said the Indonesian government should amend the presidential pardon law to set a finite period in which prisoners must submit an application for a presidential pardon.
The three bombers were sentenced to death in 2006 over the deadly bombing outside two crowded nightclubs, the Sari Club and Paddy’s Pub, in Legian Street Kuta on October 12, 2002 that killed 164 foreigners and at least 38 Indonesians.
The three appealed against the original sentences but in August this year the Indonesian Supreme Court refused to grant the three a judicial review.
The decision by the Indonesian Supreme Court paved the way for the sentences to be carried out without further delay, however the Indonesian Government has appeared to be in no hurry to execute the three.
Bali’s police chief is on record as saying that a firing squad had already been chosen to conduct the execution, while Bali’s Governor has said the death penalty should be carried out on the resort island where the attacks occurred.
Opok or "Dani" – one of Gili Trawangans nastier "beach boys" after a little to much shabu-shabu and Arak. Photo John Le Fevre
Located only 35 kilometres to the east of Bali, the island of Lombok has long had a reputation for being the uncommercialised version of Indonesia’s best known tourism destination.
However while Lombok proudly hangs on to its Lombok – Primitive slogan, the primitive nature of its people, one primarily motivated by greed, dishonesty and jealousy, has seen Lombok’s tourism appeal reduce significantly in recent years.
Of particular notoriety amongst younger travellers and backpackers has been a group of three Gili’s (islands) located off the northwest tip of Lombok.
Named Gili Air, Gili Meno and Gili Trawangan, the three developed a reputation due to their white-sandy beaches, crystal blue waters and low-cost accommodation.
Because of its wild nightly parties, easily obtainable drugs and the absence of police, Gili Trawangan in particular developed a reputation amongst travellers looking for nights of partying and days sleeping on the beaches in preparation for the next party.
Gili Trawangan was first populated by prisoners in 1891 following a failed rebellion against the Raj of Lombok. In the 70’s the government provided prisoners who had completed their sentences with parcels of land on which to grow coconuts.
These days the tradition continues. The difference is that the coconuts the locals harvest today are “white coconuts” – the local terminology for tourists, while not all of the criminals living on the island have ever seen the inside of a jail cell.
Sadly, what was once the epitome of a tropical paradise has degenerated into a grotty little island ruled by a greedy and corrupt group of a dozen intermarried families who live in extraordinary wealth and who treat the Gili Trawangan as their personal fiefdom.
A foreign “mafia” comprising a tight-knit group of English expatriates who own the majority of the Gili Trawangan’s diving schools and larger businesses, each having a member of the ruling families as a business partner, in turn supports them.
While the Gili Trawangan still has the same pure white-sandy beaches and crystal blue waters that attracted the first tourists 20-years ago, little else remains the same.
The once thriving Gili Trawangan reef has been decimated – bleached by the effects of El Nino and ravaged by dynamite fishing – considerably reducing the schools of fish that used to abound.
Accommodation on Gili Trawangan has also changed from what early visitors will remember.
The crudely constructed, rustic bamboo huts with open roofed, squat pan fitted bathrooms common in the early years, have now all but disappeared.
Those that remain are in such poor condition and have so many holes poked in the walls to cater to the voyeuristic tendencies of Gili Trawangan locals, that they are undesirable except to those on the tightest of budgets.
While there are still a few guest houses offering mid-range rooms for around Rp80,000 (US$8.60) per night, the trend in recent years has been toward bungalows and rooms with air conditioning and hot water in resort settings priced at more than Rp3 million (US$323.00) per night.
Early visitors to the island will have fond memories of the famous Gili Trawangan magic mushroom shakes and omelettes readily obtainable at many of the small beachfront café’s. Also the plentiful supply of relatively cheap but poor quality Achenes marijuana.
Unfortunately now the pure mushroom shakes have been replaced by those with Arak and Red Bull additives, as Gili Trawangan locals try to find a more powerful and less enjoyable combination.
The result is tourists who often are unable to walk, while others stumble around in their own world, totally unaware of their actions.
More than a few tourists have had a less than enjoyable time as a result, often finding their wallet missing when the effects of the mushrooms have worn off.
The increasing numbers of tourists flocking to Gili Trawangan for its hedonistic parties also fuelled a demand for harder drugs.
In recent years ecstasy, “shabu-shabu,” or crystal meth, along with heroin has flooded the Gili Trawangan – courtesy of the two younger brothers of a senior Lombok narcotics policeman from the village of Bangsal, the jumping-off point for getting to the island.
It’s at Bangsal where many foreign tourists first come to realise that the paradise they are seeking is not the same as they have read of in their vintage edition tourist guides, or the anecdotal tales told by previous travellers.
The official public fare for the boat journey to Gili Trawangan is Rp3,000 (US$0.32).
However a local group of hoodlums and thugs literally ambush visitors heading for the public ticket office located on the foreshore and on the pretense of being tour guides, extort payments of up to Rp200,000 (US$21.74) out of them for the 45-minute journey.
Visitors of either sex who challenge the high fees or claims that return tickets cannot be purchased on Gili Trawangan are often verbally abused, threatened and physically assaulted.
A separate group of thugs operate as porters in the harbour. The tactic is to seize tourists’ bags, load them onto the boats and then demand payments as high as US$ 5 per bag, compared to the local price of Rp500 to Rp1,000 (US$0.05 – US$0.10) per item.
While once Gili Trawangan was laid back and carefree, the huge number of tourists over the years has seen an ugly sub-culture fuelled by alcohol, drugs and sex develop.
It’s for good reason that mainland Lombokians, as well as those in Bali, warn tourists heading to Gili Trawangan to “be careful of the mosquitoes.”
However the mosquitoes euphemistically referred to are not the flying variety, but rather the long-haired “beach-boy” variety who derive their income from sucking tourists’ finances dry.
The ploy of the Gili Trawangan beach boys is simple. Describing themselves as “guides,” this group of lay-abouts befriend tourists and then guide them to particular bars, restaurants and guesthouses where they receive a commission on every rupiah spent.
The Gili Trawangan beach boys are also the primary distributors of drugs on the island, controlling the sale of everything from marijuana to heroin and crystal meth (ice).
Not all the drugs sold are what they appear to be though. Gili Trawangan is renowned for its “blue garuda” and “pink lady” ecstasy.
However the former is made from rat poison containing strychnine, while the latter comprises two, baby paracetamol fused together with water and an obscure symbol carved into it by the Gili Trawangan ‘beach boys’.
While the sale of drugs and commissions can nett the beach boys up to a million rupiah or more a day in the high season, their main income is derived from targeting unsuspecting female tourists.
The general Lombokian view – and Balinese as well for that matter – is that tourists visit Lombok (or Bali) to take drugs and party.
Western females are held in particularly low regard in both Bali and Lombok, with the general view being that they are all nymphomaniacs visiting to have sex with brown-skinned island boys.
The Gili Trawangan beach boys spend their days scouring the beaches and restaurants in search of female tourists – particularly targeting those who are older, less attractive or fat.
It matters little to them whether the girl is travelling alone, with her boyfriend or in a group.
To overcome obstacles such as this they will work as a team to break up a group of female tourists travelling together with one beach boy targeting each member of the group.
More than a few relationships have ended up on the rocks due of the efforts of the Gili Trawangan’s playboys.
After deciding amongst themselves who will target which girl, at night they go in search of their prey. By this stage they will already know the targets name and where she is staying.
Using a variety of charming, lame, goofy or childish means, or just plain persistence, they soon attach themselves to their intended victim.
Before long she is paying for her new “friends” drinks, food and even drugs, and often those of his friends as well.
Though Gili Trawangan business owners claim crime on the island is virtually non-existent, theft, robbery and sexual assault occur more frequently than those with a vested interest in keeping tourists on the island care to admit.
The increased level of drug dependency among Gili Trawangan locals, coupled with jealousy and greed, has seen many a tourist leave the island minus their mobile phone, digital camera, MP3 player and much more.
Theft is not just limited to expensive items. Even used sandals and cheap bracelets are often stolen from guests’ rooms.
Those items that are not stolen bur desired are simply requested.
When it comes to asking for things tourists quickly discover that Gili Trawangan and Bangsal locals are far from shy, and extremely persistent, in their requests for gifts.
Everything from T-shirts and sports shoes to mobile phones and digital camera’s are requested as “a memento” of having met someone. Foreign currency “for my collection” is by far at the top of the list.
More sinister is the handful or so of women who each month wake up to find themselves sharing their bed with the friendly Gili Trawangan beach boy who had been entertaining them and organising their drinks the night before.
However not all of the women who wake up in this situation are unwilling participants.
Blinded by the apparent genuine affection many, particularly older women, return to the island annually – or more often to be with their tropical boyfriend.
Many send them money in between to ensure their welfare. It also not uncommon for some to sponsor their island lovers on a visit to their home country. Almost inevitably these sponsored visits end disastrously.
This does not stop the beach boys from picking up a new girlfriend almost as soon as the old one has left the island.
Many Gili Trawangan locals have more than a dozen women at a time sending them money and emails each month, each believing they are the only one.
While many of Gili Trawangan’s beach boys are married to locals, this doesn’t prevent them from going so far as marrying visiting foreign women if they think it will earn them more money.
Few of the people who work in the tourism industry on Gili Trawangan actually live full-time on the island and the beach boys are careful to ensure their wives and children stay at home in the village on the mainland.
The intensity and rivalry amongst Gili Trawangans’ playboys when it comes to female tourists is such that fights over women are a regular occurrence at the nightly parties.
Fighting amongst drugged-up or drunken island beach boys is of such magnitude that the two largest party venues collect the identity cards of all locals entering and use uniformed guards, complete with hand-held metal detectors, to curb the number of incidents involving knives.
Liqueur substitution has also become frequent at Gili Trawangan’s plethora of bars.
Declining tourist arrivals have considerably impacted local businesses and watered down or substituted spirits has become commonplace in even some of the larger establishments.
Abuse of tourists is not limited to just the locally run establishments either.
In a classic example of British public schoolboy humour, one English tourist who passed-out at the islands Irish Bar had his 12-year old pony tail snipped off by one of the islands British diving school owners – with the assistance of one of the bars’ English owners.
With the exception of the nightly parties, the only other activities on Gili Trawangan are eating, drinking snorkelling and Scuba diving.
Despite the condition of the reef, diving school operators on the island extol the virtues of diving with the harmless black-tip and reef sharks that inhabit the area, along with the occasional manta ray that occasionally swims through.
The truth is that these shark species are readily found throughout Asia and not unique to Gili Trawangan.
In addition, the price fixing that has been put in place by the English expatriate “mafia” means that all establishments charge the same prices for diving. Tourists usually only discover this after spending half a day so going from one establishment to the other.
The costs have reached such a level that Gili Trawangan is now one of the most expensive locations in Indonesia to undertake a Padi diving course and considerably more expensive than Thailand or even nearby Bali.
A more depressing side to Gili Trawangan is the abject poverty many of the true local inhabitants live in.
The majority of tourists visit and depart the island totally oblivious to the real Gili Trawangan village and permanent island population living behind the ritzy tourist establishments located along the foreshore.
Living in rustic houses slapped together out of wood off-cuts, plastic tarpaulins and cardboard, the majority eke out a subsistence living fishing, raising a few cattle and harvesting coconuts.
Very few tourists are awake when the young children of these residents, dressed in little more than rags, troll through the islands rubbish bins at sunrise collecting empty bottles, aluminium cans and cardboard for reselling.
Not being related to Gili Trawangan’s ruling families, nor involved in the tourism or drug industries, these island residents benefit next to nothing from the millions of dollars that are spent each year on the island.
Rather, they have seen their environment devolve to the point where many of them won’t let their children walk along the foreshore any longer due to the debauched behaviour of drugged-up and drunken tourists and locals.
For them, paradise was lost a long time ago. For tourists the hunt continues for that much sought after island paradise.
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